Marriage and Ancient Greek Culture

Marriage is when a man and a woman are religiously committed to each other. In ancient Greek culture, this reflected on the relationship of the King and Queen, and Odysseus and Penelope, but they weren’t quite similar. The King and Queen had a closer relationship, while Odysseus and Penelope were always separated. Odysseus and Penelope’s marriage was nothing like the King and Queens. Odysseus wasn’t really faithful while trying to get back to his wife. For example, the first time Odysseus wasn’t faithful was when he was captured by Calypso. In The Odyssey, it said â€Å"Even as he spoke, the sun set and the darkness swept the earth. And now, withdrawing into the cavern’s deep recesses, long in each other’s arms they lost themselves in love†. That basically says that they had a sexual relationship. This wasn’t really good of Odysseus due to the fact that he’s married. On the other hand, Penelope is at home waiting for him, and making up excuses that she will marry someone new. To make the other people believe that she unsows her quilt to take longer. The better relationship is between the King and Queen. Unlike Penelope and Odysseus, they live together. In The Odyssey, they said â€Å"Alcinous slept in chambers deep in his loft house where the queen his wife arranged and share their bed. † That showed that they didn’t sleep in different beds, but that they slept together and shared it. The King and Queen are an example of what marriage should be like. Men and woman play different roles. In The Odyssey, there are different roles. For example, woman had to be seen with their husband and not any other man, because then they would be called a bad name. Also, men shouldn’t change in front of other woman while he’s married because it doesn’t show respect for their self and their wife. Ancient Greek culture had many rules, and they were better if you followed them. Marriage and courtship is very important to Greek culture. Not everyone takes it serious, for instance, Odysseus. He wasn’t faithful, and showed he doesn’t care for his wife back home. The King shows he’s very loving to his wife because they live together. Not all marriages are the same, and not everyone takes it as a commitment.

Prison Overcrowding Essay

The increasing number of inmate population have pushed prisons towards their maximum capacity and in some cases much over leading to inmates double-bunking in single cells or living in open dormitories (Howard 1997). In 1995, a national inmate survey conducted by the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) stated that 26. 4% of inmates shared a cell and 12% of those inmates sharing a single cell felt threatened by their cell-mate (CSC 1995). People who enter prison are deeply affected by its social context. Painful prison conditions have harmful consequences for inmates and to the free world once these inmates are released. Bad prisons are not only unpleasant or uncomfortable; they could be destructive to society as well (Haney 2002). 2. Prison Overcrowding Destructive Effects on Inmates Competition and conflict between increasing numbers of inmates over limited resources such as washrooms, library books, television lounges and recreational materials leads to frustration, higher rates of illness, aggression, violence and higher suicide rates (Howard 1997). Crowding debrieve inmates from space to maintain personal identity or turn off unwanted interactions which creates stress. Inmates cope with excess stress in different ways such as withdrawal, aggression or depression which greatly diminishing social relations and interactions (Howard 1997). Prison overcrowding and idleness have lead to increasing number of explosive situations leading prison administrators to press for new tools to control and contain inmates. Most efforts to improve quality of life of inmates were sacrificed during the rapid increase in population of inmates. Feeley & Jonathan (1992) identified a management style in which correctional decision makers think of prisoners as dangerous individuals that need to be â€Å"herded,† rather than as individuals in need of personal attention. 3. Methods to Reduce Prison Overcrowding To reduce prison overcrowding, researchers have suggested making changes to the design and operation of corrections facilities and reducing the number of inmates. 3. 1 Prison Design Prisons should be designed to resemble normal residence environment to reduce the effect of crowding. Stressful levels of noise caused by walking; talking, yelling and televisions could be reduced by use of carpets instead of tiled floors to reduce metal-on-metal contacts. Television and radio sources could also be isolated to reduce their noise. A more social environment could be created by using cushioned chairs and wall decorations (Howard 1997). New design concepts provide inmates more privacy and the ability to escape to individual space. Studies suggested that the need is not for more room but for more privacy. Inmates should be allowed to decorate and arrange their private rooms and have keys to access their private space. (Johnston 1991). 3. 2 Reducing Numbers of Inmates In their efforts to solve prison overcrowding, officials and researchers in the U. S. agree to reduce the population of correctional facilities in addition to constructing more facilities. Reduction in population of inmates could be achieved by using alternatives such as community supervision and intermediate sanctions such as parole release and fines. Arrests from crimes such as domestic violence, drugs and drunk driving have caused overcrowding in prisons. However, prison crowding can not be reduced by keeping offenders in the community since community-based corrections programs are more crowded than prisons. Most of convicted offenders are in community correction programs such as parole and probation. It is falsely assumes that correctional facilities hold more offenders than community corrections programs. The cost to supervise someone on parole or probation is much less than the cost to keep an offender in prison this is due to the level of supervision per offender (Howard 1997). 4. Conclusion Prison overcrowding could not be solved only by transferring inmates from crowded prisons to far more crowded correctional programs. Proper funding must be allocated to community correctional programs to enable them higher levels of supervision. Increased levels of supervision would enable them to expand their eligibility requirements to handle offenders confined in prison while at the same time maintain public safely. New correctional facilities should be built to contain the increasing numbers of offenders. New facilities should be designed to provide a social environment that resembles that of the free world to help simulate a healthy environment for inmates to develop their social skills. Prisons’ environment should aim to decrease inmate’s stress levels by providing quiet and private space. References Correctional Service of Canada. (1995). CSC National Inmate Survey Feeley, M. & Simon, J. (1992). The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications. Johnston, J. C. (1991). A Psychological perspective on the new design concepts for William Head Institution (British Columbia). Forum on Corrections Research. Howard, J. (1997). Prison Overcrowding. John Howard Society of Alberta. Haney, C. (2002). Prison overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions. University of California, Santa Cruz. Steinhauer, J. (2007). California to Address Prison Overcrowding With Giant Building Program. The New York Times published April 27, 2007.

The purpose of the Consumer International website Essay

The purpose of the Consumer International website - Essay Example Consumers International stands as the independent voice of the consumers with high authority all throughout the entire globe and it consists of 220 member organizations in 115 countries in order to protect and empower customers (Customers International, 2011). For instance, it is the vision of CI to help consumers to have access to safe and sustainable good and service offerings. In its websites, CI believes in the principles that customers have the right to satisfaction of basic needs, safety, be informed, to choose, to be heard, to redress, consumer education, and a healthy environment. That is why CI strongly works towards several campaigns on international issues that eventually would matter to a customer that primarily involves changes in government policy, corporate behavior and increasing awareness of consumers’ rights and responsibilities (Customers International, 2011). In great and general detail, CI is always there for international consumers in order to protect the m, inform them of their rights and responsibilities regarding today’s fast-paced changing level of customer-market interaction. Based on the above information, CI would serve as the watchtower over the ongoing activity in the market to help ensure that customers receive their rights. Furthermore, CI is also a remarkable organization which aims to educate customers so as to help them perform their responsibility. Thus, CI is not only there to protect customers based on their basic rights, but also to empower them to perform their duties and obligations. Social Responsibility This was what came into my mind when I encountered this article entitled â€Å"Africa gets consumer rights boost with new NGO status and office for CI† published by CI on September 19, 2011 under its â€Å"news† section. The article talks about CI granted with a legal privilege to stand as NGO in South Africa which further gives it the legal privilege to approach donors (Consumers Internation al, 2011). As an NGO, CI considers itself existing there in South Africa for a significant and highly remarkable reason. As for me, I would consider it as a perfect opportunity for South Africans to be highly educated and receive their rights and privileges as consumers. This is also a good opportunity for CI to raise funds in order to sustain its cause with sustainable financial aid. As what I see in this case, there are two essential points CI remarkably has been doing in order to continue walk in its vision. The first point is about extending its expertise and resources to consumers in order to educate them with the right information. In line with this, CI has to ensure that customers are exactly given with their perfect opportunity in the market, basic privileges and rights. However, CI’s mission does not only stop in here. There are other basic considerations it needs to take into account in order to sustain its vision. The second point involves about financial matters. As an NGO in South Africa, the only source of funds that CI can acquire is through asking donors. It made the legal move to ensure this by allowing it to be recognized as official NGO in South Africa. I consider this as an act in line with social responsibility. CI’s effort is not just about a program or anything else, but a mission. Since it is a mission, it has to stand on its responsibility and indeed act on it with great effort coupled with high

Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Malcolm X - Essay Example A gadfly is someone who is vehemently opposed to some policy of the existing authority and is able to evoke mass support for the same. Socrates was a gadfly because he encouraged those around him to question existing beliefs on morality and ethics. â€Å"He would ask people to explain a concept, point out flaws that would impel them to modify their answer, and continue like this until the person came up with a solid explanation or admit that they didn’t really understand the concept. (Cline) Martin Luther King was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s sayings and was led to believe that non-violence could be used by blacks to obtain civil rights in America. The one statement by Gandhi which deeply affected him was â€Å"Through our pain we will make them see their injustice† Malcolm Xs famous statement was :â€Å"And when you see that you have problems, all you have to do is examine the historic method used all over the world by others who had problems similar to yours.†(Message to the Grassroots, 1963) What he was hinting at was the use of violence. He was inclined to believe that if America was justified in employing the blacks to defend herself abroad, then the Blacks in America likewise had the right to defend themselves against atrocities committed against themselves by the whites. These comments were made at a time when the Blacks in America were facing widespread discrimination and there were also instances of blacks being ruthlessly murdered by whites. In short, he professed the use of violence against people who themselves indulged in violence. ‘Creative tension’ is a rather unusual term because it makes use of words that are at odds with each other. Creativity generally blossoms when the person in question has a calm dispos ition, whilst ‘tension’ is generally associated with individuals who are agitated and vexed. So when you combine the two, it would pertain to individuals being tensed and creative at the same time. In the context of this literature, the leaders, namely, Socrates and Martin Luther King and MalcolmX are addressing the concerns of individuals who are in a displeasure able situation and seek a solution to end their misery. By their speeches the leaders are encouraging their followers to talk and find solutions to their problems. In effect they are being asked to become creative problem solvers. So, whilst they were very much in an agitated state of being, and unsure as to what to do next, the leaders by their speeches are adding to the tension and the people, in turn, are becoming creative in their actions. â€Å"Going against the grain of traditional education, Socrates insisted that personal investigation and reasoned argument, rather than ancestral custom, or appeal to the authority of Homer, Hesiod and other respected poets, was the only proper basis for answering these questions†. (Cooper, 1998) He continually stressed on analyzing any problem logically and abstaining from blindly following that which had been preached before. During his times, people who questioned beliefs were treated with imprudence especially when sentiments of a certain section of society were hurt, with chances of violent action being taken against the former them being quite high. Socrates questioned the use of violence and in this way he was forming creative tension in the minds of the people, for the people of his age were blindly following what had been preached before. He was forcing people to rethink on issues of morality which included pondering on what was right and wrong. Martin Luther King used to travel around the country making speeches and exhorted people to be part of the civil rights movement. He advocated the use of new means to achieve freedom. The B lacks of his times were a confused lot what with widespread discriminative practices against their community and no proper ways to give voice to their disgruntlement. It was during such times that King formed creative tension by giving some kind of direction to the civil rights

Inspired by Nature, Perfected by Science Assignment

Inspired by Nature, Perfected by Science - Assignment Example Research was conducted by Dr. Alan Darlington — a world-renowned expert on indoor-air biofilters who is now our company President — along with a team of researchers from U of G. Findings from this research were so positive that Dr. Darlington was awarded a fellowship to take the technology to market. In 2001, Air Quality Solutions Ltd was launched. Through ongoing research and strong product development, the company soon gained more than an impressive — and growing — share of the market: it also gained the attention of the NEDLAW Group, respected specialists in both conventional and living roofs. In 2008 the two companies joined forces and Air Quality Solutions became NEDLAW Living Walls Inc. What are the options for making NEDLAW Living Wallsâ„ ¢ active? There are three ways air can be drawn through the Living Wall to make it active: The most effective way is for the wall to be designed as an alternative return-air path back to the HVAC. The air, which is normally drawn from the space, is first cleansed as it passes through the wall and is then disseminated through the space by the HVAC. Ideally a bypass is integrated into the design so that air can be drawn from the space without passing through the wall (for periods of free cooling, wall establishment or wall maintenance). The second approach is to build fans right into the wall so it functions as a stand-alone unit, separate from the building’s HVAC. Although this works well, it is not as effective as the first method since it has a much more localized effect. The third method is a hybrid of the first two. The Living Wall has its own fan system but it also has a duct system to better diffuse air through the space. We can help select which scenario would work best in your space. Return to the top What do NEDLAW active Living Wall biofilters look like? A wall covered in plants, our system is essentially vertical hydroponics. Water from a basin planting is lifted by a pump system to the top and flows back through the interior of the plant wall, circulating through a closed water loop system. Return to the top Is anyone else trying this approach? To the best of our knowledge, the NEDLAW patented system is the only one to use plant walls as biofilters to control indoor air quality. Return to the top Could native plants be used in the system? Some native plants may be present. However, most native plants would not survive well indoors. Plants adapt to their local climate and, as such, plants from northern climates generally require the different seasons to grow properly. For most native plants to survive indoors, the climate in the wall would have to mimic these seasons, making routine use of the space difficult and its performance irregular. Return to the top How long do the plants survive in the space? We expect about 90% survival of the plants each year; but this is largely dependent on the choice of plants and local conditions. Return to the top Are pesticides used in the wall? We use only methods that can be considered organic to control pests in our walls; we emphasize management practices and biological controls such as predators. So-called pests such as white flies, fungus gnats, spider mites and their respective predator species are necessary, even desirable. They contribute to the ecosystem’s species diversity and ecological stability. Return

Are Actors and Professional Athletes Paid Too Much Essay

Are Actors and Professional Athletes Paid Too Much - Essay Example However, when these payments are compared to other classes of labor in the American labor market, it becomes evident that celebrities are paid far more than other classes of labor. This phenomenon has resulted in an active debate that seems unbridgeable – are actors and professional athletes paid too much? One extreme end of the debate believes that actors and professional athletes are paid too much compared to the services they offer while the other extreme end holds that such compensation is fair because it is based on market principles. This text will deconstruct the debate from either end in order to find a more manageable stance on the issue. 2. Background The compensation provided to actors, professional athletes and other celebrities exceeds average payment figures for the top CEOs in corporate America. Not only this, these celebrities continue to receive large sums of money after their retirement from professional careers using means such as branding, advertising and p romotion of goods and services. It could therefore be surmised that these celebrities continue to be paid exuberantly throughout the course of their lives. In contrasts to these celebrities, the average American professional worker is paid far less by a large order of magnitude. Increasing economic pressure in the wake of the global economic crunch has forced many professional workers to consider their income levels as low. Critics argue that professionals who are more critical to the functioning of society such as law enforcement professionals, doctors, nurses, lawyers, teachers etc. should be paid more for their services. 3. Body One of the primary causes for high payments doled out to celebrities is disparity between demand and supply of professionally excellent celebrities. Hundreds of thousands of actors and professional athletes dot the United States but only a few are able to achieve demigod status based on their performance. The structure of the sports and entertainment mark ets also favors the more competent celebrities (Rosen and Sanderson). A common observation in the entertainment and sports industry is that celebrities are able to develop a personal following that allows them to bring in crowds of spectators to movie theaters and sports stadiums (Hausman and Leonard). Based on this â€Å"cult† following of celebrities their value addition to business processes becomes critical. This reason mandates for different teams to buy the most glamorous athletes and for movie producers to cast the most glamorous of actors. When overall business evaluation is carried out, it becomes obvious that the share of these celebrities in improving business revenues is undeniable (Fort and Quirk) and so it is common for them to be paid highly. The more affluent celebrities can be thought of as business partners – the investor provides the requisite fiscal liquidity while the celebrities provide the requisite market in the form of fans and followers. Hence , celebrities are a critical part of the equation that determines returns in the entertainment and sports industries so they are compensated highly in order to hold their interests in place. In contrast, others argue that paying celebrities highly is not rational and tends to distort the society and labor market structures badly. The glorification of celebrities as well as their glamorous ways tends to attract a lot of attention which is their selling point. This selling point means that many young

How the USA Patriot Act Effect Law Enforcement Research Paper

How the USA Patriot Act Effect Law Enforcement - Research Paper Example This illustrates that the USA Patriot Act is aimed at enforcing the law enforcement agencies by enabling them to be in a position to competently deal with terrorism attempts. However, enormous debate has revolved as pertains to whether the USA Patriot Act positively or negatively effects the law enforcement. It is with this regard that the thesis statement that this paper seeks to affirm is that the Patriot Act is designed to offer positive benefits to the goals of law enforcement and federal intelligence agencies that protect the American populations (Van Cleef 73). Topic sentence 1: Withstanding the presumed negatives that have come with intelligence investigation after the passing of the Patriot Act, surveillance strategies are actually necessary for securing the public welfare. The patriot Act is mainly aimed at protecting the nationals of the United States against terrorist attacks and surveillance form the enforcement agencies. Surveillance intelligence has widely been reviewed in the case of Mayfield following the terrorist Act and was typically depicted as Patriot Act on trial in the Nation Newspaper. This was a case that took shape in March 2004 where intelligence surveillance after conducting investigations, the FBI concluded that following the cross matching of partial finger prints in one of the bomb detonator bags, it matched that of Mayfield and he was arrested. His arrest was affirmed by in depth investigations that revealed that he was a Muslim convert and had been involved in a movement of Taliban’s that had wanted to go to Afghanistan to fight against the United States (Sarasohn 1). However, Mayfield being an attorney knew that the United States had no charges against him and being a citizen of the United States, challenged his arrest and conviction on the wake of the Patriot Act. This led to his release following additional surveillance that revealed that he was not the perpetrator behind the terrorism attack. This led Mayfield to chal lenge the protection assured by the Patriot Act since he affirmed that his protection, safety and privacy had been violated by the enforcement agencies during the investigations. The Mayfield trial is a clear indication of the effect the Patriot Act has on law enforcement especially with reference to intelligence investigations. Consequently, surveillance strategies depicted in the Patriot Act and Mayfield trial, affirm that the Patriot Act is indeed aimed at securing the public welfare. This therefore affirms the thesis statement that the Patriot Act is designed to offer positive benefits to the goals of law enforcement and federal intelligence agencies that protect the American populations (Sarasohn 1). Topic sentence 2: Patriot Act makes it possible for law officers to conduct search and seizure procedures without first notifying the individuals involved. Patriot Act of the United States gives law enforcement officers the mandate to seizure and act without warning in terrorist at tempts. This gives the law enforcement officers an upper hand in the investigations and especially in the financial sector which has become a major terrorist avenue. The Patriot Act has provisions that enable the treasury to secure its finances by implementing anti-money launder mechanisms. These are

Dulzura Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dulzura - Essay Example Additionally, the free verse allows the persona to speak in disjointed thoughts because of the confusions and doubts that characterize her lover who is unable even to pronounce her name correctly. This is demonstrated by the last stanza where the persona laments â€Å"Say my name. Say it/The way it’s supposed to be said (Cisneros 1).† Epic form, on the other hand, is notable in each of the three stanzas especially the specific messages they communicate to the reader. In stanza one, the persona is pleading for love in Spanish; stanza two she wants her lover to feel her compassion while stanza three is an affirmation of the love. However, Cisneros is also sensitive to the use of alliteration to establish a rhythmic effect as noted in the last stanza in the use of the words ‘know’ and ‘knew.’ These words are meant to illustrate struggles the persona is undergoing when recalling a past love affair. Notably, the poet equally uses blank verse as a means of defying regulations of writing poetry and, thus, communicating her message of desolation over broken love. Blank verse, for example, is exemplified in the first stanza in the use of small letters in the last lines of that stanza unlike the other lines. Cisneros notes that â€Å"lullabied, mi bien/querido, that loved† to demonstrate the futility of clinging on to a certain love affair now gone. Imagery, however, is a testament of the need for the poet to illustrate his message using flowery and colorful words that portray the pain of the persona. Contrastingly, this is only possible through the use of repetition to generate rhythmic effect as noted in the usage of ‘I want’ to expose the feelings of the persona in the poem (Cisneros 1). Similarly, repetition adds more emphasis because it consistently tells a certain angle of narrative within the poem and, hence, allows the reader to formulate varying mental i mages

Relief o choking in victims one year of age and older Essay

Relief o choking in victims one year of age and older - Essay Example When there is plenty of nasal secretion in the airways of a child, breathing difficulties may arise during feeding and in the periods between meals, because some children are unable to open their mouths wide enough once their noses are bunged up. As a child in new born, inhalation difficulties are likely to arise, if there is a mechanical obstruction in the airways. Problems with both inhalation and exhalation can indicate cardiac dyspnea in children. Yet, the most common reasons for choking in children aged one year or older include breathing in a small object, a part of a toy, food or some other object that might block airways, i.e. throat and windpipe. It is also possible that children breathe in vomited material, while being asleep/unconscious. Generally, choking in children aged one year and older is caused by the obstruction of a child’s airways, which can be divided into two main kinds – mild and severe airway obstruction (Blair-Harmon). Naturally, handling different kinds of choking depends greatly on recognition of them and knowledge of symptoms. The signs indicating mild airway obstruction are the following: there is a good air exchange in a child’s airways; the child is responsive and coughs forcefully; the child might wheeze between coughs (Blair-Harmon). This type of obstruction is easy to get rid of as there is a good air exchange and apnea is virtually impossible. Thus, it is important to encourage breathing efforts and coughing in children until the foreign object is removed. Moreover, one mustn’t interfere with the attempts to remove the foreign object or perform first aid, yet it is necessary to stay with the child and monitor the situation – the need to call 911 may arise, if mild airway obstruction still persists. Another – and more serious type of mechanical obstruction is severe airway obstruction that is crucial to be recognized promptly. In this case, there is no

Facebook and the Web 2.0 Business Model Term Paper

Facebook and the Web 2.0 Business Model - Term Paper Example While all these avenues have their strengths in the business environment, they also have their own shortcomings that have negative consequences for the public and the business as well. Subjecting Facebook and the web 2.0 business models to a political economic analysis will expose their impact on the business environment. The web 2.0 business model is one of the opportunities that the business world has taken advantage of from the dynamism of the web technology. As Shuen (2008) points out, the web 2.0 is a new platform for advanced business development that is by far much superior to its predecessor the web 1.0 platform. As opposed to the web 1.0 platform that was static and one-sided, this new web platform is more interactive and allows both the marketers and the customers to interact. The adoption of this new technology has a wide range of benefits to a business system. One benefit of this platform is associated with the ability for an organization to develop a concentrated website that contains all business details and product descriptions. This way, the organization can roll out its products to the customers on the internet. Given that the internet is an international platform, the business can attract customers from all over the world and push its products to the target customers in the market. H ence, the platform directly benefits the organization by increasing the number of customers by capturing a wider geographical scope. Another benefit associated with the web 2.0 platform is its ability to provide a user-interactive page that allows the customers to provide their feedback and recommendations. For an organization to survive within its marketing niche, it should have a better understanding of its target customers by learning about their tastes and preferences.  In conclusion, the Facebook and the web 2.0 business models are superior business weapons with a wide range of opportunities and benefits. Through the internet platform, organizations can use these models to advertise, launch their products, conduct market research and obtain customer feedbacks on their products. In brief, this is an advancement of the web 1.0 era when online business was limited and unviable.  

Website Review and Summary Essay Example for Free

Website Review and Summary Essay Infant Mortality Infant mortality is a serious matter when it concerns the life of an infant. Many individuals and families have had to face the death of a child in one way or another. Infant mortality can cause devastating implications for all those involved. The awareness of assistance offered from local, state and national government agencies are available for those who have experience the death of an infant. One way to provide information would be to understand what public and community health is all about. Public and Community health is important and researching related websites can benefit those who are interested. This paper will address and compare how local, state and national government websites address specific information regarding infant mortality. In addition, information will be explored specifically related to whether or not the information found in the websites overlap, what type of structure is identified between the levels of government, what functions are seen at each level of government, and how the levels of government work together specifically regarding infant mortality. Defining Public and Community Health. First of all, public health deals with promoting health through the communication and organizational efforts to assist health care providers, the public, the communities and individuals. (Kleinfelder, 2013). To be honest, for the most part, people refer to public health simply as â€Å"free†, meaning a place to go when they need state and federally funded vaccinations, influenza and pneumonia shots, wellness prevention, and tuberculine screening for health care workers to mention a few. As far as community health, this addresses issues through education, research on diseases, injury prevention and the promotion of healthy lifestyles. How  does the information overlap? When researching for the sole purpose of obtaining information specifically related to infant mortality, many websites are reviewed. The information identified did at times overlap such as the percentages of infant deaths at the local and state levels as opposed to the United States percentage of infant deaths, meaning the percentages were typically the same. In addition, the top rated causes of infant deaths from one website to the next were similar such as sudden infant death syndrome, premature births, very low birth weights and birth defects. Types of structure and function identified between levels of government. Each level of the government whether local, state or national, has their own processes and procedures to handle concerns affecting the people. The structure at the state level governs over the city, or local counties. When an issue arises that local and state levels cannot handle, national levels will assist to resolve those issues. The purpose of understanding the structures among the government levels is not only to figure out how to identify, analyze, plan and implement resolutions to health concerns, such as infant mortality, it is also important understand the funding for health care and other needs of the people. In the eyes of the people it must prove its legitimacy to remain in office. According to Beitsch LM, Brooks, Grigg Menachemi, (2006), â€Å"A strong infrastructure is required to perform public health services and to protect the public from environmental toxins, influenza, chronic diseases, and unacceptable rates of infant mortality. State health agencies must be able to provide the core functions of public health, assessment, policy development, and assurance across the domains of health protection and health promotion activities.† The local and state agency’s focus on decreasing infant death. To accomplish this, the government provides funding to enable state-based programs the ability to perform surveillance to gather information that would enable a decline in maternal and infant mortality. The purpose of the information gathered is used to develop the health programs associated with infant mortality or other health related issues. In addition, the ability to identify infant mortality risks rests on the shoulders of local and state agencies. These agencies use of pregnancy risk assessment monitoring systems data to complete this task. On  a national level, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services will work with state agencies to develop a national strategy for addressing all health related issues. (Riegelman, 2010). How do the levels of government work together? All agencies work in a collaborative effort to improve women’s health prior to pregnancy, promote quality prenatal care, strengthening surveillance and research, including prevention and overall health promotion. According to Beitsch, Brooks, Grigg Menachemi, (2006). â€Å"The goals of these agencies communicate with the main objective to improve access to quality pre-conception, peri-conception, and prenatal health care across racial/ethnic and geographical divides, and to provide the best available care to mothers and infants.† Conclusion In all reality, despite the efforts of all levels of government health agencies, the probability of the concerns surrounding infant mortality will continue simply due to the ignorance and negligence of the American public to simple choose not to do the right thing. All levels of government, whether local, state or national, infant mortality is a health concern to be reckoned with. We, as a community, have an obligation to understand that educating ourselves through research and reviewing websites for knowledge is key to resolve all public and community health concerns on all levels. The paper did explore information related to websites address the type of structure between the levels of government, what functions are seen at each level of government, and how the levels of government work together specifically regarding infant mortality. The ability to promote educational programs to prevent a death of an infant is a necessity to ensure lifelong happiness. References Beitsch LM, Brooks RG, Grigg M, Menachemi N. Structure and Functions of State Public Health Agencies. American Journal of Public Health. 2006; 96(1):167-172. Doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053439. Kleinfelder, J., (2013). What is the difference between community health and public health? Retrieved from http://wwwresearchgate./post/What_is_the_diffe†¦ Riegelman, R. K. (2010). Public health 101: Healthy people—healthy populations. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Biochemical Analysis of Rice

Biochemical Analysis of Rice Rice (Oryza sativa (2n = 24) is a monocot plant and belongs to the Poaceae family and Oryzoidea subfamily. It occupies almost one-fifth of the total land area under world cereals. It covers about 148 million hectares annually that is roughly 11 percent of the world-cultivated land. It is life for more than half of humanity and in past, it shaped the cultures, diets, and economies of billions of people in the world (Farooq et al., 2009). More than 90 percent of the worlds rice is grown and consumed in Asia where 60 percent of the world population lives. The world major rice consuming countries are China, India, Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, Japan, Brazil, South Korea and USA that consume 135, 85, 39, 37, 26, 18, 10, 10, 9.7, 8.7, 8.1, 5.0 and 3.9 million metric ton, respectively (Meng et al., 2005; USDA, 2003-04). Biochemical and nutritional aspects of rice Rice is a major source of macro and micronutrients for human being. It feeds more than two billion people worldwide and is the number one staple food in Asia. It provides over 21 percent of the calorific needs of the worlds population and up to 76 percent of the calorific intake of the population of South East (SE) Asia (Fitzgerald et al., 2009). It is mostly consumed as a polished grain, which usually lacks its nutritional components such as minerals and vitamins 41 P. Lucca et al., Genetic engineering approaches to enrich rice with iron and vitamin A, Physiol. Plant. 126 (2006), pp. 291-303. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7)( Lucca et al., 2006). Since the advent of molecular techniques, recently genetically modified rice verities have been developed, which contains more nutritional aspects like minerals and vitamins in endosperm (Vasconcelos et al., 2003; Paine et al., 2005; Fitzgerald et al., 2009). The major value-added nutritional protein c onstituents of the rice. Rice Position in Pakistan In Pakistan, besides its importance as a food crop, rice is the second important component of daily diet of bulk of the population after wheat. About 23% of the total foreign exchange earnings is shared by rice and thus called as Golden Grain of Pakistan (Shah et al., 1999). Around one third of total production is annually exported and two third is locally consumed to meet food needs. Rice is also used in dishes for special occasions (Sagar et al., 1988). Pakistan is the third largest rice exporting country. In Pakistan, rice occupies about 10% of the total cultivated area, accounts for 6.1% of value added in agriculture and 1.3% in gross domestic product. Production of rice during 2007-08 was estimated at 5,540 thousand tones, 10.4% higher than last year with 6.1% increase in yield per hectare (Anonymous, 2006). Area, production and yield of rice for the last 5 years are shown in Fig. 1. Varieties of basmati rice, sub-species of indica, are economically important due to the high quality of the grain and constitute an important source of revenue for two major rice-growing countries in Asia (Pakistan and India). The international market for basmati rice has always been higher than that of the moderate varieties. Pakistans annual rice export stands at about 2.5 million tons, which earn a total of 513.0 million dollars for the country (Anonymous, 1998). During the year 2005-2006 rice export was about one billion US$ (Bashir et al., 2007). Rice growing areas of Pakistan Depending upon the irrigation water availability, rice can be grown in any part of the country from sea level up to 2500m height. Pakistan has a climate and a potential in soil that permits the expectations of a most bright future for the productions of rice. Considering temperature difference, optimum sowing seasons and the varietals performance, rice growing areas can be divided in four ecological zones (Salim et al., 2003; Table-1.2). Rice is grown in all four provinces of Pakistan. However, the acreage under rice varies greatly from one province to another. The Punjab and Sindh are the major rice growing provinces with about 59% and 33%, respectively of the total rice in the country. The remaining 5% of the area is planted in Baulochistan and 3% in NWFP (Bhatti and Anwar, 1994). Despite the fact that its cultivated area is far smaller than wheat (more than 7.24 million), it has a great impact on national economy due to two reasons. Firstly, rice is the only crop which can be grown successfully in vast chunks of salt-ridden and water-logged areas where it facilitates not only the reclamation of land for the cultivation of other crops but also provide food. Secondly, superior quality basmati has a consistently increasing demand in the foreign countries. Consequently, there is a great scope for augmenting the foreign exchange earning by exporting it in bigger quantity. In view of these facts, it is highly desirable to increase the production and improve the quality of rice the quality is particularly more important from the trade view point, as it is instrument entail in increasing and then sustaining the demand in the foreign market in competition with other rising exporting countries. There in no denying the fact that purity is the very sole of quality. The impurities not only restrict the export trade, but also inflict losses to the growers, millers and the consumers alike. Therefore, these should possibly be minimized (Saleem et al., 2003). Major rice varieties in Pakistan More than 20 rice varieties have been released for general cultivation in Pakistan (Bashir et al., 2007). A general description of agronomical and physiochemical characteristics of these varieties. Importance of Basmati Rice in Pakistan There are thousands of rice varieties and landraces, which differ with respect to plant and grain characteristics. Of these, aromatic (Basmati) rice constitutes a small but special group that is regarded as best in grain quality, superior aroma and usually used for special dish preparation (Khush and dela Cruz, 2001). Quality of rice may be considered from the view point of size, shape and appearance of grain, milling quality and cooking properties (Dela Cruz and Khush, 2000). Pakistan is famous for the production and export of Basmati rice. The origin of the word Basmati can be trade to the word Basmati meaning earth recognized by its fragrance. The Hindi word Bas was derived from the Pakrit word BAS and has a Sanskrit root Vassy (Aroma), while Mati originated from Mayup (ingrained from the origin). In common usage Vas is pronounced as Bas and while combining Bas and Mayup, the later changed to Mati thus the word Basmati (Ahuja et al., 1995; Gupta, 1995). The fragrance of basmati rice is most closely associated with the presence of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (Buttery et al., 1983; Lorieux et al., 1996; Widjaja et al., 1996; Yoshihashi et al., 2002). Although many other compounds are also found in the headspace of fragrant rice varieties (Widjaja et al., 1996) possibly due to secondary effects related to the genetic background of the rice variety, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline is widely known to be the main cause of the distinctive basmati and jasmine fragrance. The desirability of fragrance has resulted in strong human preference and selection for this trait. Non-fragrant rice varieties contain very low levels of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, while the levels in fragrant genotypes are much higher (Widjaja et al., 1996). Basmati rice occupies a prime position in the Indian subcontinent and is becoming increasingly popular in Middle East, Europe, USA and even in non-traditional rice growing countries such as Australia (Bhasin, 2000). High-quality, traditional Basmati rice varieties command premium prices, more than three times that of non-Bamati rices in the world market due to its exquisite aroma, superfine grain characteristics and excellent cooking (extra elongation, soft and flaky texture) qualities (Bhasin, 2000; Singh et al., 2000a; Khush and dela Cruz, 2002). Basmati rice traditionally grown in the Himalayan foothills regions of Pakistan and India, and the name is traditionally associated with this region. Basmati rice is the result of centuries of selection and cultivation by farmers (Khush, 2000). Cultivation of basmati rice in mainly confined to the Kallar tract (Gujranwala, Sheikhupura and Sialkot districts) of Punjab province. Basmati rice always fetch a higher price in the domestic as well as in the international market due to their peculiar quality features such as pleasant aroma, fine grain, extreme grain elongation (7.6mm long) and soft texture on cooking. In spite of hard competition from India, Thailand and the United States, Pakistan enjoys a good position in the global trade of aromatic rice and every year earns a lot of foreign exchange (Akram and Sagar, 1997). Genetic Diversity in Rice Diversity among organisms is a result of variations in DNA sequences and of environmental effects. The diversity in crop varieties is essential for agricultural development for increasing food production, poverty alleviation and promoting economic growth. The available diversity in the germplasm also serves as an insurance against unknown future needs and conditions, thereby contributing to the stability of farming systems at local, national and global levels (Singh et al, 2000). In crop improvement program, genetic variability for agronomic traits as well as quality traits in almost all the crops is important, since this component is transmitted to the next generation (Singh, 1996). Study of genetic divergence among the plant materials is a vital tool to the plant breeders for an efficient choice of parents for plant improvement. Genetically diverse parents are likely to contribute desirable segregants and/or to produce high heterotic crosses. Parents identified on the basis of dive rgence for any breeding program would be more promising (Arunachalam, 1981). In early 1970s, public authorities felt the need that genetic resources should be collected, maintained and conserved, especial focus was on important food crops e.g wheat, rice, barley etc (Hawkes 1983; Bellon et al., 1998; Barry et al., 2007). This was the first official attempt to preserve genetic diversity. Currently different genetic diversity assessment methods including morphological, biochemical and molecular markers are available. Morphological Markers used to study genetic diversity Morphological evaluation is the oldest and considered as the first hand tool for detection of genetic variation in germplasm (Smith and Smith, 1989). It is cheap and convenient. It requires not any in depth knowledge at genomic or proteomic level. However, morphological markers are relatively less effective for genetic diversity analysis due to sensitivity to environmental influences and developmental stage of the plant (Werlemark et al., 1999). It takes long time, requires seasonal changes and quite laborious. The genetic variability for some of the traits needed for high yield performance and stress tolerance is limited in cultivated germplasm. This is because a small core of adapted progenitors has been used repeatedly in rice breeding programs such that the genetic base of rice has become narrow (Moncada et al. 2001; Hargrove et al. 1980; Dilday 1990). Introgression of genes from other rice species can provide genetic variation to improve rice and meet the challenges affecting ri ce production. Morphological traits including both qualitative and quantitative ones are used to evaluate genetic relationship among genotypes (Goodman 1972; Bajracharya et al., 2006). Fida et al. (1995) reported the evaluation of elite rice genotypes for agronomic traits during 1992 at NARC, Islamabad. All the genotypes possessed similar grain quality. Agronomic evaluation was used for screening of lines with desired performance by Akram et al. (1995), in field leading to the identification of varieties possessing longer and fine grains as donors for utilization in breeding programmes aimed for the improvement of grain length in Basmati rice. Iqbal et al. (2001) morphologically evaluated selected landraces for paddy yield and other important agronomic traits as a propose to select parents for hybridization program. All the landraces possessed some desirable agronomic traits so these proved effective in rice breeding programmes. Koutroubas et al. (2004) described variation in grain quality traits among some European rice lines. They concluded that these lines could be used as parents for introgression of desired traits into different rice cultivars grown in Europe. They also suggested that the interrelations among grain quality traits found in these lines could be useful to study the relationship among their grain quality components and for improving selection criteria. Nabeela et al. (2004) evaluated fifteen agronomical important traits in landrace genotypes of rice collected from various parts of Pakistan. A significant amount of genetic variation was displayed for most of the traits examined. The coefficient of variation was more than 10% for all the characters with exception of grain length. Seven accessions with best performance for individual character were identified, by exploiting their genetic potential. These genotypes can have a beneficial use in the breeding programs. Nepali rice landrace diversity was evaluated by Bajracharya et al. (2005) by usin g morphological traits as one of the parameter for selection. The genotypes varied only for few quantitative traits controlled by major genes; husk color, seed coat and panicle traits. Agronomic characterization also helped to decide which traits need to be improved for further crop improvements. Zaman et al. (2005) studied fifteen different rice varieties which showed that the different morphological characteristics such as the yield, tiller number per hill and filled grains per panicle did not contribute towards the total divergence. This suggested that the breeding improvement of these morphological characteristics have the little possibility. Little phenotypic variation at farm level was observed in Vietnamese rice by Fukuoka et al. 2006, which was considered to be the result of genetic drift and selection by the farmers, on farm conservation of the landraces of rice is considered to be under a force to decrease phenotypic diversity. Different phenotypic profiles contribute to t he conservation of regional genetic diversity of the landraces of rice. Veasey and colleagues (2008) investigated the genetic variability among different rice species from South in a greenhouse experiment. They showed a significant difference (p Keeping in view these benefits, morphological variation is a selection criterion for plant scientists among landrace genotypes. Though the environmental factors also play an important role in morphological variation but the knowledge of agro-morphological diversity and the distribution pattern of variation among crop species could be an invaluable aid in germplasm management and crop improvement strategies. Zeng et al. (2003) studied ecogeographic and genetic diversity based on morphological characters of rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.) in Yunnan, China. A great difference in ecological diversity index of rice resources between prefectures or counties in Yunnan province exists. Kayode et al. (2008) studied the relationship in geographical pattern and morphological variation of 880 rice landrace in CÃ ´te d’Ivoire for 13 agro-morphological characters. Result of the phenotypic frequency showed differential distribution of landraces with height, heading and maturity period whic h reflected the distribution pattern of different Oryza sativa landraces in CÃ ´te d’Ivoire that proved useful in germplasm management and breeding programs. The altitudinal distributions of grain length, grain width, grain length to width ratio and grain weight were evaluated by Siddiqui and coworkers in 2007. It was noticed that grain length decreased with the increase in altitude, while the grain width increased with the increase in altitude, resulting into a decrease in length to width ratio with the increase in altitude. Considering the change in altitude as a difference in habitat and environment, it can be assumed that Pakistan rice cultivars show a wide variation between and within locations. It may be concluded that the Pakistan rice genetic resources comprise of great diversity for grain morphological characteristics. The prevailing diversity for grain type (shape and size) and pericarp color has distinct correlation to its geographical distribution in terms of alt itude. Morpho-physiological traits are an important tool in hands of plant breeders for identification and purity testing of rice varieties. Sharief et al. (2005) investigated the genetic purity of four different rice varieties on the basis of morphological characteristics at their different growth stages. All of the varieties were identified by different morphological characteristics in terms of flag leaf area, grain color, seed width, number of tillers, time of heading, absent awing, slemma, palea pubescence, plant height, and culm diameter. Biochemical markers for analysis of diversity Seed proteins are very helpful in genetic diversity evaluation in cereal crops because the seeds of these crops have nutritional value. Glutelin, globulin and prolamin are important seed proteins in rice. Variation in these proteins at subunit level changes the quality of rice. Various tools were used to assess variability at peptide level. Biochemical markers have some disadvantages being tissue specific and affected by environmental and developmental changes. These disadvantages could be eliminated by the use of seed storage protein as they are conservative in nature and least effected by environmental changes. (Thanh et al., 2006) Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is useful method not only for revealing variations but also for identification of a variety in seed storage proteins. Four protein fractions (albumin, globulin, gliadin and glutenin) separated by SDS-PAGE as biochemical marker for evaluating polymorphism in three spelt wheat varieties. Very significant difference was observed at protein profile level in old cultivars and new breeding lines (Dvoracek and Curn 2003). Sengupta and Chattopadhyay (2000) identified twelve rice varieties on the basis of banding pattern obtained by SDS-PAGE. Aung et al. (2003) investigated 350 local rice cultivars from different regions of Myanmar. These were analyzed by using SDS-PAGE and IEF. Various cultivars differed in their SDS-PAGE profiles. Padmavathi et al. (2002) evaluated seven aromatic and five non-aromatic rice cultivars using SDS-PAGE. Two bands of 60.3 and 51.3KDa were polymorphic for their presence in both aromatic and non-aromatic genotypes and suggested that these polymorphic bands can be used as markers for verification of hybridity in crossing programme. Rehana et al. (2004) investigated twenty accessions of Pakistani rice germplasm for total seed protein by using SDS-PAGE, to determine the magnitude of genetic variation with respect to geographical distribution. Vari ation in protein banding pattern with respect to various geographical regions was evaluated and it was suggested that the inter-specific variations were more pronounced as compared to intra-specific variations. Variation in banding profile of globulin and glutelin was used as identification tool for differentiating coarse, fine and super fine rice cultivars by Thind and Sogi (2005). Jahan et al. (2005) studied protein diversity in 576 rice cultivars from Bangladesh and SDS-PAGE was used for separation. Thanh et al., 2006 used seed storage protein profiles of different varieties including rice for evaluation of genetic purity and variability. Molecular markers for diversity analysis Variation in a DNA sequence is known as DNA polymorphism. This quality of DNA can be used as a marker to assess diversity in the genome of any organism. An ideal DNA marker must have any of the following qualities: Highly polymorphic in nature, co-dominant inheritance, frequent occurrence in genome, selective neutral behaviour, easy access/availability, easy and fast assay, high reproducibility and easy exchange of data between laboratories (Joshi et al., 1999). DNA-based molecular markers/DNA fingerprinting can increase screening efficiency in breeding programs in a number of other ways. For example, they provide: the ability to screen in the seedling stage for traits that are expressed late in the life of a plant (i.e. grain or fruit quality, male sterility, photoperiod sensitivity), the ability to screen for traits that are extremely difficult, expensive, or time consuming to score phenotypically (i.e. root morphology, resistance to quarantined pests or to specific races or biotyp es of diseases or insects, tolerance for certain abiotic stresses such as drought, salt, or mineral deficiencies or toxicities), the ability to distinguish the homozygous versus heterozygous condition of many loci in a single generation without the need for progeny testing (since molecular markers are co-dominant), and the ability to perform simultaneous marker-aided selection for several characters at one time. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) Randomly-amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD) are arbitrary sequence markers developed by Welsh and McClelland in 1991. This procedure detects nucleotide sequence polymorphisms in DNA by using a single primer of arbitrary nucleotide sequence. In this reaction, a single species of primer anneals to the genomic DNA at two different sites on complementary strands of DNA template. If these priming sites are within an amplifiable range of each other, a discrete DNA product is formed through thermocyclic amplification. On an average, each primer directs amplification of several discrete loci in the genome, making the assay useful for efficient screening of nucleotide sequence polymorphism between individuals. However, due to the stoichastic nature of DNA amplification with random sequence primers, it is important to optimize and maintain consistent reaction conditions for reproducible DNA amplification. They are dominant markers and hence have limitations in their use as markers for ma pping, which can be overcome to some extent by selecting those markers that are linked in coupling. RAPD assay has been used by several groups as efficient tools for identification of markers linked to agronomically important traits, which are introgressed during the development of near isogenic lines. though it is less popular due to problems such as poor reproducibility faint or fuzzy products, and difficulty in scoring bands, which lead to inappropriate inferences but it is still applied as markers in variability analysis and individual-specific genotyping has largely been carried out,. Raghunathachari et al. (2000) differentiated a set of 18 accessions from Indian scented rice by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The RAPD analysis offered a rapid and reliable method for the estimation of variability between different accessions, which could be utilized by the breeders for further improvement of the scented rice genotypes. Porreca et al. (2001) reported confirmati on of genetic diversity among 28 rice cultivars, different for biometric traits, biological cycle and suitability to water limitation, using RAPD markers. High level of polymorphism was found between japonica and indica subspecies, whereas japonica cultivars with long grains (tropical) resulted to be genetically different from the short grains genotypes (temperate). Genetic relationships among indica and japonica cultivars and between tropical and temperate japonica was estimated. Variability among the varieties could lead to good heterotic combinations between japonica genotypes. Neeraja et al. (2002) determined genetic diversity in a set of landraces in comparison to a representative sample of improved rice varieties, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Analysis of 36 accessions using 10 arbitrary decamer random primers, revealed 97.16% polymorphism. Similarity values among the landraces ranged from 0.58 to 0.89 indicating wide diversity. The landraces and improved vari eties formed separate clusters at 0.65 similarities suggesting that genetically distant landraces could be potentially valuable sources for enlarging and enriching the gene pool of improved varieties. Kwon et al. (2002) evaluated genetic divergence among 13 Tongil type rice cultivars and the relationship between genetic distance and hybrid performance in all possible nonreciprocal crosses between them assessed. These results indicate that GDs based on the microsatellite and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers may not be useful for predicting heterotic combinations in Tongil type rice and support the idea that the level of correlation between hybrid performance and genetic divergence is dependent on the germplasm used. Rabbani et al. (2008) evaluated the genetic polymorphism and identities of several Asian rice cultivars by using random amplified polymorphic DNA technique. On the basis of analysis performed on similarity matrix by using UPGMA, they grouped 40 cultivars in to three main clusters correspondent to aromatic, non-aromatic and japonica group, and a few independent cultivars. The cluster analysis placed most of the aromatic cultivars close to each other showing a high level of genetic relatedness. But the clusters produced by the aromatic cultivars were distinct from those of non-aromatic and japonica types. In this study, several improved and obsolete cultivars originating from diverse sources did not produce well defined distinct groups and indicated no association between the RAPD patterns and the geographic origin of the cultivars used. Amita et al. (2005) performed molecular and hybridization studies to investigate variation patterns in O. meridionalis by producing 119 polymorphic RAPD markers from 12, 10-mer operon primers. In addition, they detected 67 alleles by using 11 SSR primers. They showed speciation in O. meridionalis a with respect to its geographic distribution in northern Australia and Irian Jaya. Santhy et al. (2003) test ed application of RAPD markers for the identification of three rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids and their parental lines i.e. CMS female parent (A line), maintainer (B line) and pollen parent (R line), using 17 random oligonucleotides. It was possible to distinguish each of these genotypes, following a combination of selected primers. The results are discussed in view of its application for the purpose of Plant Variety Protection and for testing the genetic purity of A line and hybrid seed lots. Simple Sequence Repeats Analysis Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are simple tandemly repeated di- to penta-nucleotide sequence motifs. Microsatellite data are also commonly used to assess genetic relationships between populations and individuals through the estimation of genetic distances (e.g. Beja-Pereira et al., 2003; Ibeagha-Awemu et al., 2004; Joshi et al., 2004; Sodhi et al., 2005; Tapio et al., 2005). The most commonly used measure of genetic distances is Neis standard genetic distance (DS) (Nei, 1972). Because of microsatellite abundance and even distribution in nuclear genomes of eukaryotes and some prokaryotic genomes, they offer valuable good source of polymorphism, which make them a promising class of genetic markers. The high levels of polymorphism performed by these markers; they are mostly referred as SSLP (simple sequence length polymorphism). Li et al. (2004) examined genetic diversity within and differentiation between the indica and japonica subspecies, including 22 accessions of indica and 35 of japonica rice by using five microsatellite loci from each chromosome having total 60 loci. Evaluating on chromosome-based comparisons it is concluded that nine chromosomes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11) harboured higher levels of genetic diversity within the indica rice than the japonica rice. By applying chromosome-based comparisons they suggested that the extent of the indica-japonica differentiation varied substantially, ranging from 7.62% in chromosome 3 to 28.72% in chromosome 1. At 15 of the SSR loci, traditional and crossbred Basmati rice varieties amplified different alleles than those in the indica and/or japonica rice varieties. During this study the identified SSR markers, which can be used to differentiate among the traditional Basmati varieties and between traditional Basmati and other crossbred Basmati or long grain, non-Basmati rice varieties. Genetic relationships among rice genotypes as determined by UPGMA cluster analysis and three-dimensional s caling based on principal component analysis showed that the three traditional Basmati rice varieties are closely related and have varying degree of similarity with other crossbred Basmati rice varieties Priyanka et al. (2004). Amanda et al. (2004) classified 234 accessions of rice into five distinct groups corresponding to indica, aus, aromatic, temperate japonica, and tropical japonica rices using 169 microsatellite markers. Yunbi et al. (2004) evaluated diversity in 236 rice accessions by applying 113 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and 60 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci at DNA level. Higher value of polymorphism information contents (0.66) was recorded for SSR markers as compared to RFLP (0.36). A diverse subset of 31 rice cultivars was identified that embodied 95% of RFLP and 74% of SSR alleles. This subset was useful in developing core collections and an efficient source of genetic diversity for future crop improvement. Zhang et al. (2005) evaluated the poten tial of discriminate analysis (DA) to identify candidate markers linked with agronomic traits among inbred lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.). A sum of 218 lines originating from the US and Asia were planted in field plots of Texas. Data were collected for 12 economically important traits, and DNA profiles of each inbred line were produced using 60 SSR and 114 RFLP markers. Model-based methods revealed population structure among the lines. Associated marker alleles pointed to the same and different regions on the rice genetic map when compared to previous QTL mapping experiments. Results of the study suggested that candidate markers associated with agronomic traits can be readily detected among inbred lines of rice. Bajracharya et al. (2005) estimated genetic diversity of rice landraces collected from different locations of Nepal based on agro-morphological variability and microsatellite marker polymorphism. They 39 microsatellite (simple sequence repeats, SSR) markers among these coll ected accessions by using 10 different names. After studying all these qualitative and quantitative traits they concluded that these accessions showed low morphological diversity having an average Shannon Weaver diversity index of 0.23. Among the studied traits only 16 morphological traits showed significant variation among the accessions. Discriminant function analysis showed that only 36% of accessions could be clustered according to name by morphological traits. Only one SSR locus was polymorphic, distinguishing only one accession. Genetic differences among new rice lines (NERICA), developed by cross breeding of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) with high yielding Asian rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica), were explored by using simple sequence repeat markers (Semagn et al. 2006). Michael et al. (2006) characterized 330 rice accessions, including 246 Indonesian landraces and 63 Indonesian improved cultivars, by studying 30 fluorescently-labeled microsatellite markers. By using gene tic diversity analysis they characterized the Indonesian landraces as 68% indica and 32% tropical japonica, having an indica gene diversity of 0.53 and a tropical japonica gene diversity of 0.56

Gender, Consumption and the Media

Gender, Consumption and the Media Consumption is a social practice which subconsciously communicates ideas about gender. In turn, gender intersects with the realm of consumer behaviour as a cognitive, cultural and political construct (Ross, 2010, pp.13-39). In this instance, the media provides an important sphere to observe the social constructions of gender that, through routine, substantiates certain performances of gender (Hirschman Stern, 1994, pp. 576-81). Within the context of Home Box Office’s television series, Sex and the City (1998-2004, hereafter ‘SATC’), this paper will analyse contemporary depictions of femininity and demonstrate how these interpretations coincide with consumption. It will further discuss how gender fluidity allow the characters of SATC the liberty to transpire and transition between the essentialist attributes of feminine versus masculine, distorting the conventional boundaries and constructions of femininity when they consume homes, engage in consumption related to sex, and struggle with true love and marriage in their search for authenticity. Each character discovers approaches to simultaneously reconstruct and reinforce their gendered identities as they construct contemporary roles with the assistance of consumption. However, it is this consumption that can generate new tensions. The home is often associated with the gendered notions of the domestic sphere. Within the home, production and consumption are conventionally defined, with men buying the home and women buying for the home. This shapes the home as a site of patriarchal oppression and control (Schroeder Borgerson, 1998, pp. 105-231). However, Caldwell and Kleppe (2006, pp. 22-40) argue that household members can subvert, conform to, or negotiate ideas about gender. While discourses on home ownership are traditionally related to the marriage of a man and woman, SATC represents home ownership as allowing the female characters freedom to explore the expectations that are associated with conventional gender roles in the home and their personal desire to demarcate new gender roles as single women, without children, consuming living spaces. For Miranda, gender fluidity is communicated to encompass the power roles of men and women as professionals, lovers and homeowners. In light of this, Miranda experiences tensions when she confronts the vestiges of conventional gender roles when buying her home. Initially, Miranda had visualised that her acquirement of a home would satisfy her identity as an independent yet professionally accomplished single woman. However, the possession of a home for Miranda is shown to become imbued with sexism. This reflects the cultural assumption that a woman without children or a husband would simply not possess sufficient financial funds or knowledge to invest in real estate and would not consider purchasing her home ‘alone’. In effect, the challenge a woman’s achievement in the conventionally masculine, public sphere of work as a corporate lawyer poses leaves Miranda’s character insecure about her performance of femininity. Here, SATC communicates how the subversion of traditional feminine ideals will inevitably involve a negotiation of the gains of feminism. By purchasing a house without a man, Miranda is portrayed to challenge the norm which results in a self-reflective debate regarding her performance of femininity. Miranda’s experiences of tension demonstrate that changes to gender norms come slowly. The consumption related to domesticity and the home is therefore denoted in SATC as simultaneously liberating yet replete with tensions of the gender norms in everyday life. Another theme of gender that SATC communicates is how gender and consumption discourses are interlinked with the confines of sexuality. Gender is argued to be interlinked with sexuality as an individual’s gender guides their sexuality while at the same time an individual’s sexuality validates their gender (Fracher Kimmel 1995, p. 367). Schroeder and Zwick (2004, p. 34) argue that consumer behaviour regarding everyday products reflects on the messages of ‘sexuality, lifestyle and identity’. In SATC, themes of sexuality are intently interlinked with gender and consumption discourses although the cultural messages imbued in the consumption choices are neither essentialist nor direct. The women of SATC represent a contemporary adaptation of the single girl. This new standard for contemporary women is less fixed on chasing marriage as a fundamental end, but more focused on career and relationships. While stereotypical media representations of women primarily ex hibit traits of femininity as that of passivity and helplessness (Stole 2003, pp. 65-80), the narrative of single girls in SATC mirror the changes in the norms of femininity over time. For Samantha, her gender status as a single female and being the eldest of the four women, welcomes her attempts to control and preserve her youth through the performance of aesthetic labour (Pettinger, 2004, pp. 165-84). However, this narrative of Samantha struggling and worrying about her changing sexuality because of aging is brought to a halt when she realises the power her gender status provides her over the notions of beauty and youth. Samantha is characterised as empowering when she withstands the influence of the stereotypical images of female sexuality she is enveloped by as an exuberant consumer of fashion and executive-owner of a public relations firm. Through the characterisation of Samantha, the performance of female sexuality is suggested to involve an aesthetic that changes as a woman physically and emotionally matures. The aesthetic of femininity links female sexuality and power as SATC frames the aesthetic and its associated power to be about Samantha’s power to create and use it. In essence, Samantha embodies the tensions that emerge when a female must let go of youth and acknowledge her own power to determine her own beauty with age. In turn, the performance of female sexuality is highlighted to relate to consuming pleasure which may or may not involve sharing that pleasure with a man, either because men cannot provide it, or women prefer to experience the pleasure alone. Nonetheless, views of masculine power and predatory sexuality, the correlation sexual performance has with marriage and dating that will eventually result in marriage remain evident notions in SATC. This stresses gender as a social construct and how consumers will require time before being able to perform a more fluid notion of gender, without the anxiety, despite the idea of gender equality. SATC therefore communicates the tensions experienced by females that relate to these norms during their consumption of goods (for Samantha, the consideration of plastic surgery) which, in turn, affect the females’ performance of their sexuality and creating their desired gender identity. The final theme of gender communicated in SATC is the tension between an ongoing ambivalence for an authentic gender identity and the stereotyped female longing for true love and marriage. Potter (2010, p. 4) holds that authenticity and the consumption of true love and marriage is about individualism and a movement way from the masses to seek an individual gender status. However, consumption can never lead to an authentic gender identity because of what is consumed is considered to be inauthentic. As gender is a ‘natural and pre-cultural’ social construct (McCracken, 2008, p.186), the pursuit of an authentic gender identity and the performance of gender fluidity that may offer self-transformation and opportunities by being enacted through consumption may require the shelving of the authentic gender along the way. In SATC, the real self and the real love are framed as the female authenticity. By consuming to pursue authenticity, the female characters alter the power struc ture traditional gender roles have established through femininity’s contemporary self-sufficiency as the women of SATC discern between the fakes and real of love and self-knowledge. In Season 3, Charlotte escapes from the authenticity of New York City to experience the superficiality of Los Angeles. The change in setting allows Charlotte to reconsider the authenticity of the conservative gender messages she embodied in New York City. In effect, Charlotte is shown to become frustrated by her pursuits of authentic love and marriage as following the conventions of how to get married and pursue her views of true love and marriage to establish an authentic gender identity have been unsuccessful. Through the characterisation of Charlotte, SATC communicates the view of a conservative, gender identity where unmarried women should not have sex with their unmarried partner until after marriage. In effect, work, sexuality and consumption are conveyed as gender roles to be performed for the goal of true love, marriage and a gender identity. However, Charlotte’s later frustrations over her marriage with an impotent husband indicate that her pursuit of true love and ma rriage through following conventions may have, in itself, been inauthentic. This expresses the contemporary idea that gender identities in relationships are unstable and unscripted. Tensions between the conventional and contemporary norms are conveyed in SATC to be part of new gender performances yet the ending of fixed models or frames of references for true love, marriage and gender identity inherently creates anxiety. Constructions of gender in the media influence the understandings of gender in reality. These constructions provide points of analysis as they legitimise certain performances of gender and reflect broader discourses in society. The themes of gender in SATC focus on questions of the freedom of femininity and the changing notions of female sexuality in a dynamic social landscape. By examining SATC, insight is provided into the contemporary performativity of femininity in relation to consumption in public and traditionally masculine spheres. With the notions of family and work having changed in society, it has brought simultaneous changes in the understanding of gender roles. SATC provides a new independent woman, who despite subverts their traditional gender role, still struggles with similar issues prevalent in traditional notions of gender. The gender fluidity of post-feminism gives the characters of SATC the freedom to be multifaceted in their performances regarding consuming the ho me, experiencing sexuality and maintain and projecting an authentic self. However, this fluidity is often fraught with tensions between traditional models of gender and the gendered performances of the characters. The characters in SATC find ways to simultaneously re-establish and reinforce their gendered identities as they create and occupy new roles (with the aid of consumption) in a world of competing discourses of gender which are grounded in prior notions of femininity. Yet this consumption can lead to a sense of anxiety as well from the complex negotiations of gender expectations. References Caldwell, M. Kleppe, I. A. 2006, ‘Gender identity and perceptions of femininity in everyday life: A multi country study of contemporary young female achievers’, Gender and Consumer Behaviour, vol. 8, pp. 22–40. Fracher, J. Kimmel, M. 1995, ‘Hard issues and soft spots: Counselling men about sexuality’, Men’s Lives, pp. 365–74. Hirschman, E. C. Stern B. B. 1994, ‘Women as commodities: Prostitution as depicted in The Blue Angel, Pretty Baby and Pretty Woman’, Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 21, pp. 576–81. McCracken, G. 2008, Transformations: Identity construction in contemporary culture, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Pettinger, L. 2004, ‘Brand culture and branded workers: Service work and aesthetic labour in fashion retail’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 165–84. Potter, A. 2010, The authenticity hoax: How we get lost finding ourselves, HarperCollins Publishers, New York. Ross, K. 2010, Gendered media: Women, men and identity politics, Rowman and Littlefield, Plymouth, pp. 13-39. Schroeder, J. E. Borgerson, J. L. 1998, ‘Marketing images of gender: A visual analysis’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 105–231. Schroeder, J. E. Zwick, D. 2004, ‘Mirrors of masculinity: Representation and identity in advertising images’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21–52. Sex and the City 1998 – 2004, television series, HBO Original Programming, New York. Stole, I. L. 2003, ‘Televised consumption: Women, advertisers and the early daytime television industry’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65–80.

Use of Subtle Details in Kate Chopins The Storm Essay -- Chopin Storm

Use of Subtle Details in The Storm    Effectively describing the relationships between characters is one vital component to a great piece of literature.   Without a fundamental understanding of what the characters are feeling and a sense of where they are coming from, a literary work is a puzzle with missing pieces.   A variety of tools exist for authors to accomplish this goal.   Such information can be provided outright, as in a flashback, or an author may chose to rely more heavily on subtle tactics.   In Kate Chopin’s The Storm the preferred forms of relationship development are subtle.   By making good use of tone, small details like dialect and an overarching metaphor, Chopin skillfully incorporates a great deal of emotional depth.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The first device with which Chopin subtly builds the characters' relationships is tone.   Chopin uses tone as a tool to shape the reader's attitude.   By addressing the actions of Calixta and Alcee with a favorable tone, both characters seem to have done something natural and inevitable.   In fact, Calixta and Alcee both commit adultery, yet it is presented to the reader in such a way that both characters escape any kind of negative judgment.   If Chopin had merely written down the course of events in The Storm one might expect a likely response of disapproval from the reader.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidence of this use of tone is not hard to find in the text.   One clear example is found as the love scene develops.   Chopin describes Calixta?s flesh as ?knowing for the first time its birthright.?   The word ?birthright? suggests that Calixta is entitled to this affair.   At the same time th... ...nbsp; Finally, the storm ends restoring peace and calm to the countryside just as Alcee and Calixta leave each other with smiles and Bobinot and Bibi return none the wiser.      Ã‚  Ã‚   It is through this metaphor that the reader can best relate to the path the story takes.   This descriptive tool can be overlooked and the story can continue on its own. However, when the reader recognizes and considers this metaphor?s meaning, a much more complete and vivid descriptionis present.      Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion,   it can be seen that Chopin?s use of subtle hints and small suggestive details add considerable meaning to the work as a whole.   Without these small pieces such a vivid picture could not be painted and a narrative with the potential to be a classic would have remained a puzzle with missing pieces.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

American Execptionlism on Country Music Essays -- US culture, histor

American Exceptionlism is basically the idea that we are different then other countries in the world. Which I believe is false because the U.S has these rules but there not really writing down rules there just like norms that American should have. There are certain attributes that a American should have there are things you should know as a American. Now what am I talking about it could be many things such as knowing who the president is in the big chair in D.C or having a huge truck that can drive up heels. Having the U.S flag out on Memorial Day. So many things can be things that make American. What I want to solely focus on is the idea that country music is what it is to be an American and accepted in the U.S. Now I know for myself I am not a big country music fan. I know the normal country music singers such as Kenny Chesney, Tim McGraw, Keith Urban, Rascal Flats and etc. Country music I believe is what makes an America America. Now back in the 19 century days being an American was being white and having property and being male. (Foner,) Now when you compare country music to that, most country singers are male and white. And to be a country singer it’s only right if you have large sums of land to own with a big house on it. It’s funny how these two ideas relate to each other in two different centuries. Being male and white can really get you ahead in society. Its idea that isn’t right but it’s the reality of our country. Country music sets the standards on what an American should be life. If you ever google country music the definition of it would say something like an American popular music in the south. (Definition) Key word in the definition AMERICAN and als o fiddles. Now all they had in the 1700’s was fiddles to play whe... ...c shouldn’t be seen as what America is like cause it’s not. The U.S is supposed to be the great American melting pot with diverse people and music and jobs and lives and homes and lifestyles. But no one is expressing this cause being different isn’t welcome and that it might be suspicious to other people because you are not doing what they’re doing. References Yahoo. (December 6, 2006). Country Music and Hip Hop: They're Not so Different After All. Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/country-music-hip-hop-they-re-not-so-different- 127930.html?cat=33 D. (November 28, 2013). American Exceptionlism will fail the republic will fail and black men will succeed. Retrieved from http://hiphopandpolitics.com/2013/11/28/today-american- exceptionalism-will-fail-black-men-will-succeed/ Dictionary. Country music. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/country+music

The Two Different Cases Regarding Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

The Two Different Cases Regarding Capital Punishment Thesis : In principle a case can be made on moral grounds both supporting and opposing capital punishment. Two different cases can be made. One is based on justice and the nature of a moral community. This leads to a defense of capital punishment. The second is based on love and the nature of an ideal spiritual community. This leads to a rejection of capital punishment. JUSTICE AND THE NATURE OF MORAL COMMUNITY A central principal of a just society is that every person has an equal right to "life, liberity, and happiness." Within that, an arguement for capital punishment forms along the following lines: some acts are so evil and so destructive of a community that they void the right of the perpetrator to life. A community founded on moral principals has specific requirements. The right to belong to a community is not unconditional. The privilege of living and pursuing the good life in society is not certain. The essential reason on which community is built requires each citizen to honor the rightful claims of others. The precious live in a moral community must be so highly honored that those who do not honor the life of others void their own right to membership. Those who violate the personhood of others, especially if this is done persistently as a habit must pay the ultimate price. This must be done for the sake of the community which was violated. We can debate whether some non-lethal alternative is a suitable substitute for the death penalty. But the standard of judgment is whether the punishment fits the crime and if it honors the nature of the moral community. LOVE AND AN IDEAL SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY Christian live, is unconditional. It does not depend on the worthiness or value of those to whom it is directed. It is persistent in seeking the good of others regardless of whether they return the favor or even deserve to be treated well on the basis of their own wrongdoing. An ideal community would be made up pf free and equal citizens devoted to a balance between individual needs and the advancement of common good. Communal life would be based on mutual love in which equality of giving and receiving was the social practise. Everyone would contribute to the best of ability. What would a community based on this kind of love do with those who committed brutal acts of terror, violence, and murder? Put negatively, it would not live by the philosophy of "an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth, and a life for a

Critique of Quantitative Research Article Essay

Research Critique, Part 2: Critique of Quantitative Research Article The population who are diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often experience daytime drowsiness and are at risk for ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, hypertension, and other vascular related problems (Hsu et al., 2007). There are several treatment options for people with OSA, which are weight loss, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), dental appliances, and surgical procedure. This study evaluates patients who have undergone uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) to determine improvement and changes in surgical parameters of their upper airway using quantitative videoendoscopic computer-assisted measurement (CAM) in hopes of showing improvement in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Protection of Human Participants The authors describe this study as prospective in design. The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of UPPP, a surgical procedure for OSA, on patients who had surgery six months prior (Hsu et al., 2007). It is presumed every patient gave consent for the surgical procedure. An assumption may be made that subjects were voluntary for the post surgical study because there was no mention of further consents. It is not stated that this study had approval from an institutional review board from the agency. The 19 male patients participated in overnight pre and postoperative non-invasive polysomnnographic studies (PSG). These tests include the Epworth sleepiness scale recording, CAM of upper airway, and bio-data recording. PSG entails electroencephalogram (EEG), submental electromyogram (EMG), anterior tibialis EMG, electrocardiogram (ECG), thoraco-abdominal motion, oronasal airflow (expired CO2), arterial oxygen saturation with pulse oximetry, and electrooculography (EOG). Images were recorded for comparison evaluation postoperatively. The mean age of the subjects was 40.6 years with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 29.4, all who had UPPP after failing the CPAP trial and other medical methods. Data Collection and Analysis The major variables were labeled in association with the endoscopic photographs from the computer-assisted measurement (CAM) airway analysis at the retropalatal level with calibrator in regards to showing airway dimensions in both pre and postoperative images (Hsu et al., 2007). There was no sign of manipulation of these variables other than from the postoperative images. The research team compiled the data to show the regression data of UPPP surgery were considerably correlated with postoperative improvement. This method of data collection was used to analyze the correlation between modifications in surgical parameters and the postoperative status of OSA patients. The six-month postoperative, patients again underwent PSG, Epworth sleepiness scale recording, CAM of upper airway, and bio-data analysis. A total of eight videoendoscopic images were taken of all 19 subjects. Patients were analyzed during quiet respiration and Mueller’s maneuver in both supine and erect positions at the retropalatal and retrolingual levels. The Mueller’s maneuver is a non-invasive procedure using fiber optic endoscopic evaluation that measures both size, shape, and collapsibility of the upper airway (Friedman, 2009). Images were captured using a videocapture card, which was installed into the computer along with digital imaging software. Transverse and longitudinal dimensions, as well as surface areas were measured using digital software to calculate the collapsibility of obstructive sites of the upper airway. Comparison was made between pre and postoperative images, which show significant improvement of the retropalatal area by 70% (Hsu et al., 2007). Data Management and Analysis The author indicates that the researcher who performed the upper airway measurements was not privy to patient information whether they were of preoperative or postoperative status (Hsu et al., 2007). Following UPPP, the importance (p

Marketing Synopsis

After the initial success of the casual clothes, GOES spread out its commercialise towards the apparel and the sports enclothe market place as well, thereby demonstrating the power of transition. Since then, GOES had carved by a niche for itself through characteristic first appearance. It has been adopting strategies to ensure that it could success abundanty renew its engine room, convergences and emergence, and defend long full term competitiveness. Key Issues and fact Finding * According to us, root publishing was, Polecat had no prior familiarity in the field of engineering and enclothe industry. The research subprogram was exhaustive.After insulting discordant publications and encyclopedias he recognized that a bulletproof breathing membrane worn by NASA astronauts can act as a prototype for his blank space. * After overting the new technology, gage issue was that none of any shoe leading companies in Italy showed interests in his product. This take him to manufacture the enclothe all by himself. * Third Issue was that after diversifying Its product portfolio and expanding Internationally, GOES could not enter sports shoe market as it had intense competition and it indispensable a very polar technology.Polecat snarl that every sector requires a different mind-set, but in response to non user requests, golf game Shoe range was launched in 2009. * The decision and the major depict Issue was that shoe market was highly competitive and to assert Its position, only transmutation could not help. The shoes must be stylish and voguish enough to match the style offered by separates. Thus GOES had to constantly work on product differentiation while maintaining its caliber and costs. Key Learning * The very first thing this case teaches us is that prerequisite is the mother of invention.We must be constantly aware of our surroundings. One should become zeal and enough confidence on oneself to convert the opportunity in dominance offering. Polecat effected the necessity of the shoes that breathes and maked a new market altogether. * sweep up small steps and have full faith in your potential. Polecat initially 1 OFF small. This gave him an opportunity to runnel the response of the clients in limited intent of time. After getting satisfactory response, he then switched over to men and women stick out and expanded the market gradually. * Think mammoth.Initially he started locally and then expanded its target market by come in in apparels and sport shoes. The company then, internationally diversified its product portfolio. Polecat realized his true potential and knew to what extent he could go. Questions IQ . What do creativity and innovation Signify and entail? What are the key types of innovation? SQ. Analyses Gooses innovative outline in detail. What are features of this strategy that have make Goes shoes a success? What factors, other than product innovation, does Goes owe its competitive expedien cy to?Q. 3. Assess the market environment of the industries Goes plight in. Who are Gooses key competitors? What Strategies and options are easy to Goes for sustaining its position in these industries? ANSI Creativity The regale of generating compositions and new ways of doing things is called as creativity. This term is more frequently used in arts. It more refers to the thought process. Innovation The process of generating ideas and filtering them checking the feasibility of the idea and implementing the idea to create survey is called innovation.In simple terms it is the process of creating survey by generating new ideas or changing existing ideas. Creativity is a part of innovation. Types of Innovation harvest-time Innovation It involves the process of creating new products or fastening existing product with new technology in order to create value to the customer. Process Innovation It involves the key changes in the way of doing business. Impact of process innovation would be big. It should be communicated with the end user effectively.Service Innovation Creating new service applications which enables the customer much convenience. NAS2 Innovation strategy for GOES A good idea, constant quislingism with universities in order to see if idea is feasible and improve it and a patent to protect the innovation. Success Factors * Company invested heavy in R&D. In 2008 GOES dog-tired SIS$ 20. Million on R&D expenses. * GOES emphasized on the value of the patents. It made development of Breathing engineering its relegation and held over 50 patents in this field.These 50 include Rubber soles patent, Leather soles patent, arrange patent, patents related to processes, equipment and machinery and material. These patents helped in gaining competitive edge. Factors that Gave hawkish advantage They positioned themselves as one of a kind catering to the entire family. harvest-tide categories were based on the target customer Target customer Male, Female, Pricing specialty to medium-high price range of market Product Categories Classic products which were elegant and traditional.Casual products which were wearable and filmable. takings High quality standards, continuously up(a) flexibility and time to market, Cost leadership. selling They concentrated around the product features I. E. Technology rather than only concentrating in the vogue and style thus making a clear differentiation from other products. They publicize using the images of product and breathable sole technology. statistical distribution System Very efficient and adaptable distribution system for each untaught they operate in based on their structure.